Understanding the Communication Process

Communication is the act of sending ideas and attitudes from one person to another. Writing and talking to each other are only two ways human beings communicate.

There are three terms of people communication which the situation involvees different numbers of people in the specific way.

1. Intrapersonal Communication: communication within one person. As example, when we want to make a decision to buy something then we are not sure to choose which one. So, we just think only of ourselves by asking or in a silent discussion.
2. Interpersonal Communication: refer to a direct communication between person to person by using the five sences such as: sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste.
3. Mass Communication is communication from one person or group of persons through a transmitting device to large audiences or market. The basic fact of Mass Communication are the five understood term: sender, message, receiver, channel, and feedback.

In genral understandin of Mass Communication today share three chacrateristics:

1. A message is sent out using some form of mass media.
2. Themessage is delivered rpidly.
3. The message reaches large groups of different kinds of people simultaneosly or within a short peroid of time.

Further Reading: media/impact: Shirley Biagi, California State University, Sacramento.

Cambodia feedback to Thailand Reaction of Ottawa Treaty

In replying of Cambodian commission to Thailand reaction of mines bursting after the accusation, Cambodia expressed an intervention and reported with pictures and explained as words:

1. Regarding with the first accusation, Cambodia made sure that the event took place in Cambodia's land base on the international recognized mape which is 1.500 meters distance from the line border located in the unclearing mines field. This was already expressed by CMAC in 2004. The accusation was not the fact whic was stated Cambodia exist these mines, but Thailand itself had them according to the international institution which worked in this field. Specially, refering to TMAC itself also reported it had PMN-2 for 2.885.


2. Cambodia clearified clearly that place was absolutely not yet cleared refering to the state from Thailand with NGO who proofed landmine field was alredy cleared. CMAC and Halo Trust showed that seeking not reached to one Kilometer then found out the number of 9.448 mines with other not yet burst. And according to the Cambodian Red Cross reported in the late of the 10 years had 207 victims who suffered around that area. In addition to these, on the 21th November, 2008, Cambodia Ministry of affair sent an official letter to Thai government to show the evidents to Cambodia for the raising up of Thai stated that area had been cleared by TMAC with NGO along with a long live of its people.


3. Answering to the third raised up of Thai, Cambodai officials drew the main points for the convention into two points:
   

• The location is the tie of the problem. If Thai did not come to Cambodia land at that area, then they would not suffered like that, too.


• Cambodia government show the good model in the field of clearing mine in the world in case of Cambodia had movement and practise the Ottawa Treaty. In sort, The government had the policy and determine clearly to strengthen of practising the Ottawa Treaty with the discipline of the army to obey to the order of the government as well as the using and putting new mine can be done.

4. For the fourth accusation Cambodia stated base on the fact event that:

• On the 14th October Thai made press conference by inviting 68 embassies and charged Cambodian used new mines along the border


• On 16th Octobre the ministry of information made a press release rejected Thai accusationn. Cambodia sugguested the partner, Thai, to respect some agreements which these two countries have done especially regarding with the clearing mines along the border. Cambodia also stated its stand to practise and respect to Ottawa Treaty during that occassion.


• On 17th October, Thai issued a letter which was called Request for Clearification to Cambodia, and also on that day Cambodia made press conference to inform for the public to be aware of the stand of Cambodia and the accusation of Thai.


• On 20th October, Cambodia created an investigative committee to seek the truth forward what Thai has accused. On the same day, Thai issued an information note on a violation mine bane convention.
• On the 21st November, Cambodia of Ministry affair sent a letter to Thai partner to request Thai to give the detail about the accusation.
• The suspection from Thai to the Ministry had PMN-2 in the amount 3.405 left or hide, Cambodia committee has showed the meaning and pictures which proofed that all of them were cleared clearly under the participation of H.E Sor Keng and other representative embassy with other NGOs.

Source from CMAC/Heng Ratana

Thailand's Reaction of Cambodia Used New Mine out of Ottawa Treaty

Two of Thai soldiers were injured by walking on the mine while they were walking control as usual in their land on the 6th October 2008, but on the day they invaded to Cambodia land. And after the the investigating, Thailand accused Cambodia to use new mine which was out of the Ottawa Treaty.

Thai Commision were leaded by high officials of ministry affair, and other 18 expert officials with the afew generals came from TMAC made a speeches and gave some documents to accused Cambodia with this issue for some reasons:

1. The investigation team of TMAC with NGO found out new type of PMN-2 of mines which were made in the former Soviet United by making accusation they only exist in Cambodia land, but not in Thailand.
2. Thai claimed that thoes area is a landmine free area where they have already got rid off the mines and thai people are living there for along time.
3. Thailand accused Cambodia invaded the Ottawa Treaty that put new mines along the Cambodia-Thailand border.
4. Thailand accused Cambodia escaped from the fact by not answering with direct problem but turned to talk about border issue.
5. Thailand suspected the amount of 3,405 mines which the ministry of interior gave to CMAC to destroy in 2001 and the transfering to this organization was only 240 for the training, which Thailand asked where were the rest?
6. Thailand made a pictures report of the injure to inform all countries members, who joined the convention.
7. Thialand proposed the head of the convention for Cambodia agree to write in the report for two points:

• The writing report must write that along Cambodia-Thailand border had put new mines, which made two Thai soldiers injure on the 6th october 2006.
• Requested to make more investigations both of these countries to gurrantee a good coporation with accuracy.

Source From: Vice director of CMAC, H.E Heng Ratana

Delay Identification and Blind lead in Type of Considering

News value base on the specific and the clearest of news target to inform. It is not writen in many of understanding which can confuse the readers. So the first of lead is very important to inform which it is considered about the type of lead: delay idenfification and Blind lead.

Delay Identification lead is in the type of the summary lead, but it has its special feature which is used to tell only the name of person. And the identification must be in the paragraph. It is used to shorten the lead from a longer lead.

Mr. Pen Samitte said that in this case [delay identifiacation lead] for using this type of lead can make lead more interesting, not very complicated, easy to understand, and it is short.

He added that the first statement of the story must show the most important part and be not judged in many perspective of the story.

For another type of the lead is Blind lead. It is used to tell only the identification and no name of the person. It is short and easy to understand with more attraction.

For some journalists they sometimes spread the statement more longer and longer in the lead which is hard to catch the real messages.

''Both of "Delay of Identification and Blind lead" are important. we can use either of them base on the impact of the story'', said Mr. Pen Samitte.

Mr. Pen Samitte stated that why does most journalists often not use these two? It because these two kind of lead use whenever refer to a famous people or high ranking people. And most journalists usually use a simple lead, it is not refered those kind of the lead.

Beside these two type of lead, in the theory there is still one more type. It is Quoted lead.

It is not often writen or reported. If so, in case refer to the main key of the whole story to be informed.

Regarding with this Mr. Pen Samitte claimed that it should be a more attractive, famous, dynamic qouate. He added what to remember how to use ''quote lead'' is it already detail and no need to explain more further.

Principle to Understand How to Write Lead

Good writing of lead to be attractive to readers is to understand the priciple to avoid the boring lead. Writing lead should followed 5w-h, and the lead must be with ''news lead''.

Mr. Pen Samitte, lecturer of journalism at DMC/CCI of RUPP, said that most readers are busy, however; they can keep reading at the first paragraph (Lead). Then they leave with "News". They understand clearly even not the whole article.

"Even when writing require with 5w-h, but what the most important to inform is "What". It means to tell what happened. The rest are also important, but they are in the following up mainstream. Starting lead with "When" at the begining sometimes it does not play much important role in reporting. It also proof the lazy of reporting and writing of journalists'', said Mr. Pen samitte.

5w-h can be writen or reported in the first paragraph or in the second paragraph. It depend on the story which the journalist covered and they thing which one is the most important. If journalist can avoid starting with "When", it should be done.

Mr. Pen Samitte continued that most journalism school are not allowed to use "When" at the begining of the lead. He sugguested not to do like those school, but try to be not it. However, it should be in the next paragraph.

All the 5w-h are important and it can be reported base on it particular angle of the story. Whether refering to "what, where, when...or whatever to inform at the begining of the Lead, it should be made better to attract more readers".

Mr. Pen Samitte told his students to be aware how to start a lead and type of it. He also explained the type of lead which has many ways to write to be considered to be more effective of writing.

Independent Journalist Foundation Certificate Awarding

To improve more understanding of being as journalist the "Independent Jouranalist Foundation" under supporting from Mr. Peter Starr, Country rpresentative in Cambodia, opened a training for 5 days tentative seminair for journalists from other provinces. This seminair focus on the topic of "Khmer Rouge Tribunal Reporting" under the instruction of Mrs. Babara Crosette, New Your Time journalist. This training conducted in the early of December 2008 from Monday to Friday.

(Group Photo after awarding certificates)

(Academic and professional training in field of Media)

(New day leaps ahead with new thing)

The purpose of this training is to let the journalists to know more about Khmer Rouge Tribunal and practice more in field of journalism. Especially, to strengthen the ability of Cambodian journalist in covering and reporting news about this topic. Looking of lacking more professional with journalists in the present time use their skill base on the experiences or the talent of writing. For some journalists have never been to journalism school, too.

(One more step ahead to improve the skill)

(The more achievement the more success)

(I am now understand more what I have to do with my skill)

Many experts were invited to join by giving the lecture. Those who came in this training were asked to share life experiences in duration of Pol Pot regime time. Some came from ECCC who worked for Support denfend Section to give speech about Kiev Samphan trial. Furthermore, the training also invited a victim who suffered in time of Pol Pol to shared what the life was.

(Unless seeking work to do then work come along)

(The more hard-working new day will come)

( Even I am an editor; however, I need more acknowledgement)

Luckily, on Thursday all the trainees were in the field study at ECCC court to listen to the hearing of Kiev Samphan. All trainees noticed at that hearing that the lawyer's accuser proposed the court to translate all the file to be in French by saying they did not understand well in case the documents were not translated. However, the request was failed by the laywers of victims said in the internal rule of ECCC did not proof to translate all the documents regarding with this issue. Moreover, the ECCC just set the official language use in the court are English, French, Khmer.

(Learn and learn bring people more understanding)

(Success come after humane seek it out)

(Practice make more understanding)

The trainees also had chance to be face to face and talk to Mr. Siev Sichan, Cambodian-American, who fleed and survived for Pol Pot time.

Siev Sichan told all the trainees that he was very lucky to be in Cambodia again. He left Cambodia and had a job as US-embassador for United Nation.

He added that his life during that time was very bitter, never knew full of eating rice or rest. From day to day always stayed with work. But he hornored the Cambodia to be the first Asain guy to be the US embassador for UN.

(Life without learning, there is no life)

(New step bring life success)

(To think more, the more idea comes up)

Ultimately, everything finished and all the trainees were happy with the new achievment, to be stepped ahead in field of what they are working in the present. As well, the instructor was happy to every trainees got more understanding and hoped to use this acknowledgement in the appropriate way of life. Anyway, every trainees with their hand with a certificate of achievement. Warm smile, laughing, and close relation started more and more.

Mrs. Babara asked the trainees how much satifaction or any comment with this course or any sugguestion for the coming up training next year. The trainees requested to have a course of investigative journalist. By saying it would be more enhanec of the really journalist practise.

The Rights of Victims in the Extraodinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia, ECCC

Who does the ECCC consider to be a victim?

Anyone who has suffered from physical, psychological, or material harm as a direct consequence of the crimes committed in Cambodia by the Democratic Kampuchea regime between 17 April 1975 and 6 January 1979 is considered to be a victim by the ECCC.

What part do victims play in the ECCC?

Victims have themability to file complaints before the ECCC, and they can apply to become civil parties to the proceedings. These rights are provided for under Cambodia Law, in the law of the Establishment of them ECCC and in the Internal Rules of the ECCC.

Both complainants and civil parties may request that their identity and other personal information be kept confidential from the public, and from other parties to them proceedings.

The judge will decide on all requests to keep information private.

Victims may also be asked by the judges or them parties to thme proceedings (prosecution, defense, and cilvil parties) to testify as witnesses.

What is a compainant?

Anyone who has useful information regarding tem crimes of th Khmer Rough can file a comlaint b filling out the victim information form and submitting it to them victims unit. The information in them complaint may then be used to help in the investigations. Complainants don not participate in hearings, and they are not entitled to ask the couurt for reparations.

What is a civil party?

Civil parties are participants in the proceedings against those allegedly responsinle for the crimes under investigation by the ECCC, and they enjoy the same right as every other party to the proceedings, such as the prosecution and the defense.

Becoming a civil party not onljy gives citims them right to actively participate in the proceedings, but also allows victims to ask the court for cllective and moral reparations from the convicted persons.

Who is eligible to bec0me a civil party?

In order to become a civil party, a victim must be a natural (living) person or a legal entity who suffered physical, material or psychological harm as a direct consequense of the specific crimes which are under investigation by the ECCC

Civil Parties have the Right:

• 
  
  
  To choose a legal representative (the victims unit can assist in ontaining a lawyer)


• 
  
  
  To request the investigation of alleged crimes


• 
  
  
  To question witnesses and the accused


• 
  
  
  To ask the court to take all possible measures to repect their safety, well being, dignity and privacy in the course of their participation in the proceedings
  
• 
  
  To request collective and moral reparations.

What kind of reparations can civil parties request?

If a defendant is found guilty, under the internal rules of the ECCC civil parties are able to ask the court to order reparations. The judges have determined that individual financial compensadtion will not be possible, however they do have the power to award what are called "collective and moral reparations."

In this context, "collective" means that the court is only abnle to order reparations that benefit all of the civil parties as a grup or that benefit all victims or all of Cambodian society. The term "moral" reparations in this context refer to the specific type of reparation that the court is able toorder. "Moral" reparations are preparations that are more symbolic than they are material or economic.

When should people apply?

Peopl who are inerested in filling a complaint or applying to become a civil party should complete the victims information form as soon as possible. There are crrently two cases before the ECCC: case file 1, which relates to crimes committed in connection to Tuol Sleng Priso (office s-21), and case file 2, which related to all the other crimes under investigation by the court (such as forcible transfger from one;s home, forced labor, inhumane living conditions or unlawfuldetention). The trial sage of case file 1 is expected to begin in early 2009, and case file 2 is cruuently in the investigation stage. The deadline to submit complaints and civil parties applications is ten days before the start of the trial phase of the relevant case.

How does a victim file a complaint or apply to becoime a civil party?

People who think they may qualify as victims, and who wish to participate in ECCC proceedings should file a complaint or apply to become a civil party. The way to do this to fill out a victim information form, which can be requested at ECCC victim unit.

Source: Keat Bophal, Head of Victims Unit

A Journey to Kampong Thmor, Kampong Tom Province

It was a lovely day after a hard-working at the University we did not feel stress so we started to leave from Phnom Penh to Kampong Tom province. It was a going for a walk as well as we went to join Sokun's sister wedding on Sunday 23rd November 2008. We left Phnom Penh at around 10:30 by saying that '''we were not hurry so we did not need to be quick".

(Kampong Cham Kampong chet knhum Eouy!)

(Kampong Cham no day forget about you)

(The happy day of mind)

(I can not dance but I am good caring baby)

On the way there, we noticed that smiling, laughing, telling joke happened on a lovely motor which odered by a very professional driver of Mr. CHHENG SAMBO. Noticeable, it was a bit late because the sun rise up on our head and we left with no breakfast at all. We also planned to stop somewhere to eat something but we forgot how hungry we were then we drove and drove nonstop.

(My former primery school where I learned and lived)

(Poo Ker Kouch nas! What are you doing?)

(No one have more modern style like me)

(I am happy to be at my hometown again)

I and sotheouth talked a lot and only sovanara was really a gentle man never talk on the motor unless we started first or said something which might have been affect to his feeling so then he replied quickly. He still kept replying "I do not care because I already know the result. Oh! stop saying anymore." Even we were asked not to say but we still said again and again in order to change the quiet situation to be happy.

(Our first breakfast is mango. Oh! Chnganh nas na...)

(Hey! what are you doing two guys?)

(It is really nice even we have not had breakfast yet)

However, we still be happy on the way because we had million of things to talk. Moveover, on a very nice road we drove alone with the 40 or 50 kilometer per hour. Sambo was suggested to drive more faster but he rejected. He thought that driving slow brought more safety and furthermore he was not in a rush way. The happiest, this was that we always stop on the way to take photograph. First we stopped at the border of Kampong Cham and Kandal Province.

(Kampong Cham make happy forget all sorrow)

(Hey I am released from the hell heuoy! Oh no! I confuse I am happy nass!)

Then we started to continue our ahead journey with no food. Our breakfast were taking photos and driving. Luckily, we arrived at Sore Saiy rice field then we stopped to eat very delicious breakfast. It was mango and we enjoyed it very much by closed the eyes and thought that it was chicken, egg, beef. Oh! very delicious. What I could not forget was my former primery school and my house. I stopped there around ten minutes to see the school as well as took some photos. After that, we continued our journey to kampong Thmore where we had to join the wedding.

(Handsome like me why Kro Mom Kampong Cham Min Pat Tey?)

(Let's dance dance and dance. Cheer up...!)

(Everything is in hand why not bring it for officiall use?)

It took us around 20 minutes to arrive there. Then we called Tongngy and we had a warm welcome from the house owner. What we really loved was the house owner said "Please make yourself at home." Again, our breakfast were fruits and pure drinking water which were served. We also help during the wedding party. We enjoyed that time very much specially at night time we dance with lots of lovely girls. Everything went smoothly from the begining till the end.

Anyway, this was a nice time for us and we wanted to stay longer but we could not because we had class next morning. From Phen Penh to Kampong Thmor took us around 4 hours. Oh! what we could not forget one more thing was that there was one laday who one guy asked to having dancing but she refused. Anyway, that was ok.

Awarding Ceremony of Youth Volunteer Work

On the 16 November at Khmer Youth and Social Development Organization (KYSD) held a certificate awarding ceremony to the trainees and trainers. This is a new achievement after all the trainees were presented a course for one day and half on the topic of "Youth Responsibilty". All the trainees expressed that this course provided them knowledge and expriences. They felt in the way where other people go after attended this training course.

(Group Photo after Awarding the certificate)

(Everyone expressed smile and satifaction of the achievement)


(I am proud to be step ahead and determine to be hard working person)

In this ceremony the leader of the KYSD Organization told all the trainees and trainers to bring what they have learned to shared to friends, or in the community where they live in. He added that this time with this achievement is not enough that all the trainees and trainer have to do more for the rest of their study and lives. He told all the trainees and trainers not to forget the responsibiliy in the name they are youth and have to respect with high ethics and morality to be a good citizen.

(Time provides a great apportunity for me for my bright future)



(I am very happy with a new achievement)

(This is another property of mine for my future)

(I am glade and I will try more)

''All works are good and we should not decriminate,'' said Kalyan, admin and financial officer. She continued that even volunteer work or other we have to work hard because it will be benifitcial to us later in the future.

(I am good at humorus as well as study)

(I am a hard working and very happy with this new achievement)

(I think now I prove alot both knowledge and study or love)

(I am very satify with my work even this is a new step forward)

Learning the theory at school is not enough so that we have to find somewhere to practice to see the improvement not just sit and say where to go or what to do. Sometime those work let us see how big the world is. And this lead us to success if we pay much attention.

(New thing comes to me and I will do all my best)

(Even I am a bit not good at study but I try to be thatd)

(I determine to achieve all things even that are difficualt)

(I am handsome and also work hard)

We have to learn to save the time because as we know time is money. We should not let it goes without doing nothing in the world where people can do and why cannt we do. Knowledge does not come to us if we do not go to it.

(I am a little boy but I love studying)

(I think this course and this achievement make me happy)

All the things went smoothly with good expression from everybody, trainers, trainees, and head of KYSD organization. All said will contact to each other forever in help or relation. They determined to work altogether wherever or whenever the future let them meet each other.